The field has developed through the convergence of several technologies, including ubiquitous computing, mass sensors , the most powerful embedded systems, https://mst-software.com/ and, among other things, machine learning.[9] the traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, management circuits, automation (including home automation and building automation) independently and collectively provide the internet of things. Including gadgets and gadgets (for example, lighting products, thermostats, home security systems, video cameras, and other vital devices that drive one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled through devices related to this ecosystem, such as players and smart columns iot also applies to health care.[11]There are a number of concerns about the risks associated with the growth of iot technology and products, especially in the area of safety and reliability, and naturally, , industry and government began to manipulate in order to solve this kind of trouble, including [12]The basic concept of a smart device network was discussed at the end of the last century, when a modified coca-cola vending machine at carnegie mellon became the first device connected to the arpanet[13] capable of reasoning about stocks and many rules, whether recently loaded drinks were cold or not.[14] mark weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing "real time computer" and academic centers , including ubicomp and percom, have created the modern vision of the internet of things. In 1994, reza raji described the concept in the ieee spectrum as "[moving] small packages of information onto a weighty list of nodes to integrate and simplify everything from electronics to entire factories." Between 1993 and 1997, many enterprises came up with solutions such as microsoft at work or novell nest. The industry gained momentum when bill joy introduced equipment-to-equipment connectivity as part of his six networks concept presented at the world economic forum in davos in 1999.[18] The concept of the internet of goods and the concept came to the world stage in peter t. Lewis's speech at the 15 percent percent percent percent annual legislative weekend of the congressional black caucus foundation in washington, d.C. Published in september 1985. According to lewis, "the internet of things, or iot, is the integration of people, algorithms and materials, with connected devices and sensors specifically for remote level analysis, manipulation and trending of such alarms."The term " the internet of things was developed independently by kevin ashton of procter & gamble, later of the auto-id center at the massachusetts institute of technology, in 1999[20], although he prefers the phrase "internet of things".[21] at the time, he considered radio frequency identification (rfid) essential for the internet of things,[22] which would allow computers to control all of the individual things.[23][24][25] the main goal of the internet of things is to embed short-range mobile transceivers in various gadgets and essentials to provide new forms of communication between people and things, as well as between things themselves.[26]In 2004 cornelius "pete" peterson, ceo of netsilicon, predicted that "the next era of information technology will be dominated by [iot] devices, and network devices will eventually gain popularity and importance to far outnumber computers and workstations combined in net". Peterson believed that medical devices and industrial controls would become the dominant applications of this technology. To the internet than to people,” cisco systems estimates that iot was “born” between 2008 and 2009, with the ratio of things to people rising from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.[28] Applications[edit]The broad set of applications for iot devices[29] is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure[30][31] . Consumers[edit]More iot devices are being built for consumer use, including connected cars, home automation, wearable technology, connected healthcare, and remotely monitored devices. [32]Iot devices are part of a broader home automation concept that can include lighting, heating and air conditioning, multimedia and security systems, and video cameras. Era systems.Long-term benefits may include energy savings by automatically turning off lights and electronics, or informing home occupants of their use.[35]A smart home or automated home can be based on a platform or hubs that control smart devices and technology.[36] for example, using apple's homekit, manufacturers can control their home products and accessories using an app on ios devices such as the iphone and apple watch.[37][38] this can be a dedicated app or native ios apps such as siri.[39] this can be demonstrated with lenovo smart home essentials, a line of smart home devices that are controlled through the apple home app or siri without the need for a wi-fi bridge.[39] there are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms for connecting various smart home products, including amazon echo, google home, apple homepod and samsung smartthings hub. In addition to commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary open source ecosystems; including home assistant, openhab and domoticz.[41][42]Elderly care[edit]One of the key applications of smart home is providing assistance the elderly and people with disabilities. These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate the specific limitations of the owner. Voice control can assist users with visual and mobility impairments, and public address systems can be connected directly to cochlear implants worn by users with hearing impairments.[44] they can also be equipped with additional safety features, including sensors that monitor emergency conditions such as falls or seizures.[45] smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life.[43]Enterprise iot refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. It is estimated that by 2019 eiot will cover 9.1 billion devices.[30]Organizations[edit]Medicine and healthcare[edit]The internet of medical things (iomt) is an iot application for medical and healthcare purposes, data collection and analysis for research and monitoring.[46][47][48][ 49 [50] iomt is referred to as "smart healthcare"[51] as a technology for creating a digital healthcare system, connecting available medical resources and medical services.[52][53]Iot devices. Can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency alert systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants such as pacemakers, fitbit electronic bracelets, or modern hearing aids. Some hospitals have begun implementing "smart beds" that can detect when they are busy and when a patient is trying to get up. It can also adjust itself to provide appropriate pressure and support to the patient without manual intervention from nurses. A 2015 goldman sachs report indicated that medical iot devices "could save the united states more than $300 billion in annual healthcare costs through increased revenue and reduced costs." The creation of "m-health" used the analyzed health statistics. As well as providing the right treatment and helping people regain lost mobility through therapy. [57] these sensors create a network of smart sensors that can collect, process, transmit, and analyze valuable information in a variety of environments, such as connecting home monitoring devices to hospital systems. [51] other consumer devices that promote healthy lifestyles, such as connected scales or wearable heart monitors, are also possible with iot. Iot health monitoring platforms are also available for antenatal and chronic patients, helping to manage vital health signs and recurring drug needs. , Use and discard iomt sensors. These sensors, along with the necessary rfid electronics, can be fabricated on paper or e-textile for wirelessly powered disposable sensor devices.[60] applications have been created for point-of-care medical diagnostics, where portability and low system complexity are important.[61]As of 2018 in the clinical laboratory industry[48], but also in health care and health insurance. Iomt in healthcare now allows doctors, patients, and others such as patient caregivers, nurses, families, etc. Be part of a system in which patient records are stored in a database, allowing physicians and other medical staff to have access to patient information.[62] in addition, iot-based systems are patient-centered, which offers flexibility based on the patient's health status.[Citation needed] iomt in the insurance industry provides access to better and new types of dynamic information. This includes sensor solutions such as biosensors, wearable devices, connected medical devices and mobile apps to track customer behavior. This could lead to more accurate underwriting and new pricing models.[63]Iot applications in healthcare play a fundamental role in chronic disease management and disease prevention and control. Remote monitoring is made possible by connecting powerful wireless solutions. Connectivity allows practitioners to collect patient data and apply complex algorithms to analyze health data.[64]Transport[edit]The internet of things can help in the integration of communication, control and information processing in various transport systems. The application of the internet of things extends to all aspects of transportation systems (i.E. Vehicle,[65] infrastructure, and driver or user). The dynamic interplay between these components of the transport system enables communication between and within vehicles,[66] intelligent traffic control, intelligent parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistics and fleet management, vehicle management, safety and roadside assistance[54 ]. [67]V2x communication[edit]In vehicle communication systems, vehicle-to-everything (v2x) communication consists of three main components: the vehicle to vehicle links (v2v), vehicle links to infrastructure (v2i), and vehicle links to pedestrians (v2p). V2x is the first step towards autonomous driving and connected road infrastructure.[Edit]Home automation[edit]Iot devices can be used to monitor and control mechanical , electrical and electronic systems used in various types of buildings (e.G. Public and private, industrial, institutional or residential)[54] in home and building automation https://mst-software.com/ systems. In this context, the literature focuses on three main areas:[68]- Integrating the internet with building energy management systems to create energy efficient and iot-controlled smart buildings.[68] - possible real-time monitoring tools to reduce energy consumption[35] and monitor occupant behavior.[68]- integrating smart devices into the built environment and how they can be used in future applications.[68]industrial[edit]Industrial iot devices, also known as iiot, collect and analyze data from connected equipment, operational technology (ot), places, and people. When combined with operational technology (ot) monitoring devices, iiot helps regulate and control industrial systems.[69] in addition, the same implementation can be done to automatically update an asset allocation record in industrial storage facilities, since assets can range in size from a small propeller to an entire engine part, and misplacement of such assets can lead to loss of labor. Time and money.Manufacturing[edit]The internet of things can connect various manufacturing devices equipped with sensors, identification, processing, communication, activation, and networking capabilities. .[70] network control and plant management, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process management enable iot to be used for industrial applications and smart manufacturing.[71] intelligent iot systems enable rapid production and optimization of new products, as well as rapid response to product needs.[54]Digital control systems for process automation, operator tools and service information systems for optimization enterprise security. And security are the purview of the iiot.[72] iot can also be applied to asset management through predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and measurements to ensure maximum reliability.[73] industrial control systems can be integrated with smart grids to optimize energy consumption. Measurement, automated control, plant optimization, health and safety management and other functions are provided by network sensors.[54]In addition to general manufacturing, iot is also used for industrialization processes. Construction.[74]Agriculture[edit]There are many applications of iot in agriculture[75], such as collecting temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, pest infestation and soil composition. This data can be used to automate farming practices, make informed decisions to improve quality and quantity, minimize risk and waste, and reduce the effort required to grow crops. For example, farmers can now remotely monitor soil temperature and moisture, and even apply iot data to precision fertilization programs[76]. The overall goal is that sensor data, combined with the farmer's knowledge and intuition about his or her farm, can help increase farm productivity as well as help reduce costs.In august 2018, toyota tsusho launched a partnership with microsoft to build fish farming tools using the microsoft azure suite of applications for iot technologies related to water management. The water pump mechanism, developed in part by researchers at kindai university, uses artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the amount of fish, and determine the water flow efficiency based on the data provided by the fish. The farmbeats[78] project by microsoft research, which uses the empty space of a tv to connect farms, is now also part of the azure marketplace.[79]Maritime[edit]Iot devices are used to monitor the environment and systems of boats and yachts.[80] many pleasure boats are left unattended for several days in summer and months in winter, so these devices provide early warning of boat sinking, fire and deep battery discharge. The use of global internet data networks such as sigfox, combined with long-life batteries and microelectronics, allows the engine room, bilge and batteries to be constantly monitored and reported to, for example, connected android and apple applications.Infrastructure[edit]Monitoring and controlling the operation of sustainable urban and rural infrastructure such as bridges, railways, onshore and offshore wind farms is a key application of the internet of things. [72] the iot infrastructure can be used to monitor any events or changes in the state of the design that could compromise security and increase risk. The iot can benefit the construction industry through cost savings, time savings, improved workday quality, paperless workflow and increased productivity. It can help you make faster decisions and save money with real-time data analytics. It can also be used to efficiently plan repair and maintenance activities by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities.[54] iot devices can also be used to control critical infrastructure such as bridges to provide access to ships. Using iot devices to monitor and operate infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency response coordination, as well as quality of service, uptime, and lower operating costs in all infrastructure-related areas.[81] even areas such as waste management can benefit[82] from the automation and optimization that iot can provide. >There are several planned or ongoing large-scale iot deployments to enable better governance of cities and systems. For example, songdo, south korea, the first of its kind fully equipped and connected smart city, is gradually being built, and as of june 2018, about 70 percent of the business district [update]. It is planned that most of the city will be connected and automated with little or no human intervention.[83]Another application is currently under development in santander, spain. Two approaches have been taken for this deployment. This city of 180,000 people already has 18,000 downloads of the city's smartphone app. The app is connected to 10,000 sensors that enable services such as parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda and more. City context information is used in this rollout to help merchants with a spark deals engine based on city behavior that aims to maximize the impact of each notification.[84]Other examples of large- scale deployments currently include the sino-singapore guangzhou knowledge city; [85] work to improve air and water quality, reduce noise pollution, and improve transport efficiency in san jose, california[86] and intelligent traffic management in western singapore.[87]. ] Using its rpma (random phase multiple access) technology, san diego-based ingenu built a nationwide public low-bandwidth data network[88] using the same unlicensed 2.4 ghz spectrum as wi-fi. Ingenu's "machine network" covers more than a third of the us population in 35 major cities, including san diego and dallas. French company sigfox began building an ultra-narrowband wireless data network in the san francisco bay area in 2014, becoming the first company to achieve such a deployment in the us. It subsequently announced that it would install a total of 4,000 base stations by the end of 2016 to cover a total of 30 us cities, making it the largest provider of iot network coverage in the country for now. Cisco is also involved in smart city projects. Cisco starts deploying smart wi-fi, smart safety & security, smart lighting, smart parking, smart transports, smart bus stops, smart kiosks, remote expert for government services (regs), and smart education technologies in a five-kilometer zone in vijaywada, india .[94]Another example of a major deployment is the deployment of new york waterways in new york to connect all of the city's ships and be able to monitor them 24/7. The network was designed and engineered by fluidmesh networks, a chicago-based company that develops wireless networks for mission-critical applications. The nyww network currently provides coverage for the hudson, east river, and upper new york bay. With a wireless network, ny waterway can take control of its fleet and passengers in ways that weren't possible before. New applications may include security, energy and fleet management, digital signage, public wi-fi, paperless ticketing, and others.[95]Energy management[edit]A significant number of energy-consuming devices (e.G. Lamps, appliances, motors, pumps, etc.) Are already connected to the internet, which allows them to communicate with utilities not only to balance power generation, but also helps optimize energy consumption as needed. In general.[54] these devices provide remote user management or centralized management through a cloud interface, and also include features such as scheduling (for example, remote turning heating systems on or off, controlling stoves, changing lighting conditions, etc.)[54]. The smart grid is an iot application on the utility side; systems collect and process information related to energy and power to improve the efficiency of electricity production and distribution.[96] utilizing internet-connected advanced metering infrastructure (ami) devices, utilities not only collect data from end users, but also manage distribution automation devices such as transformers.[54]Environmental monitoring[ edit] Environmental monitoring iot applications typically use sensors to protect the environment[97]